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ÁÈÁËÈÎÒÅÊÀ ÃÎÑÒÎÂ, ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒÎÂ È ÍÎÐÌÀÒÈÂÎÂ

:: ÀËÃÎÒÐÅÉÄÈÍÃ ::


ÀËÃÎÒÐÅÉÄÈÍÃ
øàã çà øàãîì


ÁÅÑÏËÀÒÍÛÅ ÓÐÎÊÈ ïî ñîçäàíèþ òîðãîâûõ ðîáîòîâ íà PYTHON ñ íóëÿ, øàã çà øàãîì.


Ìèíèìàëüíûå çíàíèÿ íà PYTHON.
Áèáëèîòåêè BackTrader è Pandas, ñèãíàëû ñ Pine Script èç TradingView.
Ñâÿçêà ñ áðîêåðàìè, òåëåãðàì.
Ñîçäàíèå ïðîñòûõ èíòåðôåéñîâ.

 

Âñå äîêóìåíòû, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå â êàòàëîãå, íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ èõ îôèöèàëüíûì èçäàíèåì è ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî äëÿ îçíàêîìèòåëüíûõ öåëåé. Ýëåêòðîííûå êîïèè ýòèõ äîêóìåíòîâ ìîãóò ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ áåç âñÿêèõ îãðàíè÷åíèé. Âû ìîæåòå ðàçìåùàòü èíôîðìàöèþ ñ ýòîãî ñàéòà íà ëþáîì äðóãîì ñàéòå.


ÃÎÑÒ 20886-85

ÌÅÆÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ

ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
 ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ È ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß

ÈÏÊ ÈÇÄÀÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒÎÂ

Ìîñêâà

ÌÅÆÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ

ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
 ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ

Data organization in data processing systems.

Terms and definitions

ÃÎÑÒ
20886-85

Äàòà ââåäåíèÿ 01.07.86

Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò óñòàíàâëèâàåò ïðèìåíÿåìûå â íàóêå, òåõíèêå è ïðîèçâîäñòâå òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ïîíÿòèé â îáëàñòè îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ â ñèñòåìàõ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ.

Òåðìèíû, óñòàíîâëåííûå íàñòîÿùèì ñòàíäàðòîì, îáÿçàòåëüíû äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ â äîêóìåíòàöèè âñåõ âèäîâ, íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîé, ó÷åáíîé è ñïðàâî÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå.

Äëÿ êàæäîãî ïîíÿòèÿ óñòàíîâëåí îäèí ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûé òåðìèí. Ïðèìåíåíèå òåðìèíîâ - ñèíîíèìîâ ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííîãî òåðìèíà çàïðåùàåòñÿ.

Äëÿ îòäåëüíûõ ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûõ òåðìèíîâ â ñòàíäàðòå ïðèâåäåíû â êà÷åñòâå ñïðàâî÷íûõ èõ êðàòêèå ôîðìû, êîòîðûå ðàçðåøàåòñÿ ïðèìåíÿòü â ñëó÷àÿõ, èñêëþ÷àþùèõ âîçìîæíîñòü èõ ðàçëè÷íîãî òîëêîâàíèÿ. Óñòàíîâëåííûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîæíî, ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè, èçìåíÿòü ïî ôîðìå èçëîæåíèÿ, íå äîïóñêàÿ íàðóøåíèÿ ãðàíèö ïîíÿòèé.

Ñòàíäàðò ñëåäóåò ïðèìåíÿòü ñîâìåñòíî ñ ÃÎÑÒ 15971 è ÃÎÑÒ 19781.

 ñòàíäàðòå â êà÷åñòâå ñïðàâî÷íûõ ïðèâåäåíû èíîñòðàííûå ýêâèâàëåíòû ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûõ òåðìèíîâ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.

 ñòàíäàðòå ïðèâåäåíû àëôàâèòíûå óêàçàòåëè ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ â íåì òåðìèíîâ íà ðóññêîì è àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêàõ.

 ïðèëîæåíèè ïðèâåäåíû òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ îáùèõ ïîíÿòèé, ïðèìåíÿåìûå â îáëàñòè îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ â ñèñòåìàõ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ.

Ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííûå òåðìèíû íàáðàíû ïîëóæèðíûì øðèôòîì, èõ êðàòêàÿ ôîðìà - ñâåòëûì.

Òåðìèí

Îïðåäåëåíèå

ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÎÍßÒÈß

1. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ

Data organization

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå äàííûõ è óïðàâëåíèå äàííûìè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè ñîãëàøåíèÿìè

2. Óïðàâëåíèå äàííûìè

Data management

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ôóíêöèé îáåñïå÷åíèÿ òðåáóåìîãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ äàííûõ, èõ íàêîïëåíèÿ è õðàíåíèÿ, îáíîâëåíèÿ, óäàëåíèÿ, ïîèñêà ïî çàäàííîìó êðèòåðèþ è âûäà÷è äàííûõ

3. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå äàííûõ

Data representation

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà, âûðàæàþùàÿ ïðàâèëà êîäèðîâàíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ è îáðàçîâàíèÿ êîíñòðóêöèé äàííûõ íà êîíêðåòíîì óðîâíå ðàññìîòðåíèÿ â âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìå

ÂÈÄÛ ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

4. Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ

Logical data organization

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ, ó÷èòûâàþùàÿ ëèøü òå êîíñòðóêöèè äàííûõ è îïåðàöèè íàä íèìè, êîòîðûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â ðàñïîðÿæåíèè ïðîãðàììû, èñïîëüçóþùåé äàííûå

5. Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ

Physical data organization

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ, ó÷èòûâàþùàÿ ðàçìåùåíèå è ñâÿçü äàííûõ â ñðåäå õðàíåíèÿ

ÎÁÚÅÊÒÛ ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÌÈ

6. Áàçà äàííûõ

ÁÄ

Data base

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü äàííûõ, îðãàíèçîâàííûõ ïî îïðåäåëåííûì ïðàâèëàì, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèì îáùèå ïðèíöèïû îïèñàíèÿ, õðàíåíèÿ è ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ äàííûìè, íåçàâèñèìàÿ îò ïðèêëàäíûõ ïðîãðàìì

7. Ôàéë

File

Èäåíòèôèöèðîâàííàÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü ýêçåìïëÿðîâ ïîëíîñòüþ îïèñàííîãî â êîíêðåòíîé ïðîãðàììå òèïà äàííûõ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ âíå ïðîãðàììû âî âíåøíåé ïàìÿòè è äîñòóïíûõ ïðîãðàììå ïîñðåäñòâîì ñïåöèàëüíûõ îïåðàöèé

8. Íàáîð äàííûõ

Data set

Èäåíòèôèöèðîâàííàÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü ôèçè÷åñêèõ çàïèñåé, îðãàíèçîâàííàÿ îäíèì èç óñòàíîâëåííûõ â ñèñòåìå îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ ñïîñîáîâ è ïðåäñòàâëÿþùàÿ ôàéëû èëè ÷àñòè ôàéëîâ â ñðåäå õðàíåíèÿ

9. Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàïèñü

Çàïèñü

Logical record

Êîíñòðóêöèÿ äàííûõ, èñïîëüçóåìàÿ â ðàìêàõ ëîãè÷åñêîé îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ:

1. Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàïèñü îáû÷íî ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç ýëåìåíòîâ äàííûõ.

2.  êîíêðåòíûõ ñèñòåìàõ óïðàâëåíèÿ áàçàìè äàííûõ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðàçíîâèäíîñòè ëîãè÷åñêèõ çàïèñåé, ðàçëè÷àþùèåñÿ ñòðóêòóðîé è îñîáåííîñòÿìè îðãàíèçàöèè ïåðåñûëêè. Äîïóñêàåòñÿ ââîäèòü ñïåöèàëüíûå íàçâàíèÿ äëÿ òàêèõ ðàçíîâèäíîñòåé, íàïðèìåð ñåãìåíò â ÑÓÁÄ - «Îêà»

10. Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ çàïèñü

Physical record

Êîíñòðóêöèÿ äàííûõ, èñïîëüçóåìàÿ â ðàìêàõ ôèçè÷åñêîé îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ

11. Áëîê äàííûõ

Áëîê

Data block

Áèòîâàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü, ïåðåäàâàåìàÿ êàê åäèíîå öåëîå ìåæäó óñòðîéñòâàìè âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû, ñèñòåìû òåëåîáðàáîòêè äàííûõ èëè âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñåòè

12. Ñåòåâàÿ áàçà äàííûõ

Network data base

Áàçà äàííûõ, ðåàëèçîâàííàÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ñåòåâîé ìîäåëüþ äàííûõ

13. Èåðàðõè÷åñêàÿ áàçà äàííûõ

Hierarchical data base

Áàçà äàííûõ, ðåàëèçîâàííàÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ èåðàðõè÷åñêîé ìîäåëüþ äàííûõ

14. Ðåëÿöèîííàÿ áàçà äàííûõ

Relational data base

Áàçà äàííûõ, ðåàëèçîâàííàÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ðåëÿöèîííîé ìîäåëüþ äàííûõ

15. Ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ áàçà äàííûõ

Distributed data base

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü áàç äàííûõ, ôèçè÷åñêè ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ ïî âçàèìîñâÿçàííûì ðåñóðñàì âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû è äîñòóïíàÿ äëÿ ñîâìåñòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèëîæåíèÿõ

ÂÈÄÛ ÔÀÉËÎÂ È ÍÀÁÎÐÎÂ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

16. Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé ôàéë

Sequential file

Ôàéë, ê êîìïîíåíòàì êîòîðîãî îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ëèøü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé äîñòóï â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ óïîðÿäî÷åííîñòüþ ýòèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ

17. Èíäåêñíî-ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé ôàéë

Indexed-sequential file

Ôàéë, êîìïîíåíòû êîòîðîãî ñíàáæåíû êàæäûé ñâîèì êëþ÷îì ïîðöèè äàííûõ òàê, ÷òî îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ïðÿìîé äîñòóï ê íèì ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïîèñêà ïî êëþ÷ó, à òàêæå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé äîñòóï â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ èõ óïîðÿäî÷åííîñòüþ ïî çíà÷åíèÿì êëþ÷åé ïîðöèè äàííûõ

18. Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé íàáîð äàííûõ

Sequential data set

Íàáîð äàííûõ, ê ôèçè÷åñêèì çàïèñÿì êîòîðîãî îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ëèøü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé äîñòóï â ïîðÿäêå èõ ðàçìåùåíèÿ âî âíåøíåé ïàìÿòè

19. Èíäåêñíî-ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé íàáîð äàííûõ

Indexed-sequential data set

Íàáîð äàííûõ, ôèçè÷åñêèå çàïèñè êîòîðîãî ñíàáæåíû êàæäàÿ ñâîèì êëþ÷îì ïîðöèè äàííûõ òàê, ÷òî îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ïðÿìîé äîñòóï ê íèì ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èíäåêñîâ äîñòóïà è ïîèñêà ïî êëþ÷ó, à òàêæå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé äîñòóï â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ èõ óïîðÿäî÷åííîñòüþ ïî çíà÷åíèÿì êëþ÷åé

20. Ïðÿìîé íàáîð äàííûõ

Direct data set

Íàáîð äàííûõ, ïðÿìîé äîñòóï ê ôèçè÷åñêèì çàïèñÿì êîòîðîãî îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïî àäðåñó èëè ïóòåì ïîèñêà â ñðåäå õðàíåíèÿ ïî êëþ÷ó áåç ïðèìåíåíèÿ èíäåêñîâ äîñòóïà

ÂÈÄÛ ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÇÀÏÈÑÅÉ

21. Çàïèñü ôèêñèðîâàííîé äëèíû

Fixed-length record

Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàïèñü, äëèíà êîòîðîé çàäàíà âíå ýòîé çàïèñè

22. Çàïèñü ïåðåìåííîé äëèíû

Variable-length record

Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàïèñü, äëèíà êîòîðîé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ çíà÷åíèåì îäíîãî èç åå ïîëåé

23. Çàïèñü íåîïðåäåëåííîé äëèíû

Undefined-length record

Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàïèñü, â êîòîðîé îòñóòñòâóåò ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííîå ïîëå äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ åå äëèíû, à äëèíà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ â ìîìåíò îáðàáîòêè ýòîé çàïèñè

ÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÀ ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÌÈ

24. ßçûê ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ äàííûìè

Data manipulation language

DML

ßçûê, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ ôîðìóëèðîâàíèÿ çàïðîñîâ íà ïîèñê, îáìåí äàííûìè ìåæäó ïðèêëàäíîé ïðîãðàììîé è áàçîé äàííûõ, à òàêæå äëÿ ðàñøèðåíèÿ ÿçûêà ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ ëèáî êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ÿçûê

25. Ìåòîä äîñòóïà

Access method

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ñîãëàøåíèé è ñðåäñòâ, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðûõ ðåàëèçóåòñÿ çàäàííûé âèä äîñòóïà ê ôèçè÷åñêèì çàïèñÿì íàáîðà äàííûõ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò âèäà äîñòóïà è îðãàíèçàöèè íàáîðà äàííûõ â êîíêðåòíûõ ñèñòåìàõ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ ðàçëè÷àþò, íàïðèìåð, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûå, ïðÿìûå, èåðàðõè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû äîñòóïà

26. Èíäåêñ äîñòóïà

Èíäåêñ Index

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü äàííûõ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ñîîòâåòñòâèå ìåæäó çíà÷åíèÿìè êëþ÷åé ïîðöèé äàííûõ è àäðåñàìè ýòèõ ïîðöèé èëè îáëàñòåé ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïàìÿòè, â êîòîðûõ îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ, ñ öåëüþ ïîâûøåíèÿ ñêîðîñòè äîñòóïà ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ

27. Êàòàëîã íàáîðîâ äàííûõ

Data set catalog

Catalog

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü äàííûõ, óñòàíàâëèâàþùàÿ ñîîòâåòñòâèå íàáîðîâ äàííûõ òîìàì, íà êîòîðûõ ýòè íàáîðû äàííûõ ðàñïîëîæåíû

28. Èìÿ íàáîðà äàííûõ

Data set name

Èäåíòèôèêàòîð íàáîðà äàííûõ

29. Ìåòêà íàáîðà äàííûõ

Data set label

Ïîðöèÿ äàííûõ, èäåíòèôèöèðóþùàÿ íàáîð äàííûõ, îïèñûâàþùàÿ åãî îïðåäåëåííûå ñâîéñòâà è îáû÷íî õðàíèìàÿ â òîì æå ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïàìÿòè, ÷òî è íàáîð äàííûõ

30. Ïåðâè÷íûé èíäåêñ

Primary index

Èíäåêñ äîñòóïà, â êîòîðîì ñâåäåíèÿ î ìåñòîïîëîæåíèè èñêîìîé ïîðöèè äàííûõ óñòàíàâëèâàþò ïî ïåðâè÷íîìó êëþ÷ó

31. Âòîðè÷íûé èíäåêñ

Secondary index

Èíäåêñ äîñòóïà, â êîòîðîì ñâåäåíèÿ î ìåñòîïîëîæåíèè èñêîìîé ïîðöèè äàííûõ óñòàíàâëèâàþò ïî âòîðè÷íîìó êëþ÷ó

32. Ïëîòíûé èíäåêñ

Dense index

Èíäåêñ äîñòóïà, â êîòîðîì, êàê â òàáëèöå, õðàíÿòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ìåñòîïîëîæåíèè ïîðöèè äàííûõ äëÿ êàæäîãî äîïóñòèìîãî çíà÷åíèÿ êëþ÷à ïîèñêà

33. Ðàçðåæåííûé èíäåêñ

Sparse index

Èíäåêñ äîñòóïà, â êîòîðîì õðàíÿòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ìåñòîïîëîæåíèè ïîðöèè äàííûõ ëèøü äëÿ íåêîòîðîãî ïîäìíîæåñòâà çíà÷åíèé êëþ÷à ïîèñêà, à ñâåäåíèÿ î ìåñòîïîëîæåíèè ïîðöèé äàííûõ ñ îñòàëüíûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè óñòàíàâëèâàþò êîñâåííûì îáðàçîì ñ ó÷åòîì îïðåäåëåííîé óïîðÿäî÷åííîñòè ýòèõ ïîðöèé

34. Êëþ÷ ïîðöèè äàííûõ

Êëþ÷

Key

Ñîñòàâíàÿ ÷àñòü ïîðöèè äàííûõ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùàÿ âûäåëåíèå ýòîé ïîðöèè ïðè ïîèñêå

35. Êëþ÷ ïîèñêà

Search key

Ïîðöèÿ äàííûõ, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîé ñðàâíèâàþò ñî çíà÷åíèåì êëþ÷à ïîðöèè ïðè ïîèñêå ïî êëþ÷ó

36. Ïåðâè÷íûé êëþ÷

Primary key

Êëþ÷ ïîðöèè äàííûõ, çíà÷åíèÿ êîòîðîãî îäíîçíà÷íî èäåíòèôèöèðóþò ïîðöèè äàííûõ â çàäàííîé èõ ñîâîêóïíîñòè

37. Âòîðè÷íûé êëþ÷

Secondary key

Êëþ÷ ïîðöèè äàííûõ, çíà÷åíèÿ êîòîðîãî ìîãóò áûòü îäèíàêîâûìè äëÿ íåñêîëüêèõ ïîðöèé äàííûõ â çàäàííîé èõ ñîâîêóïíîñòè

38. Ñöåïëåííûé êëþ÷ ïîèñêà

Concatenated key

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü êëþ÷åé ïîèñêà, çíà÷åíèÿ êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëÿþò ïóòü äîñòóïà ê êîíêðåòíîé ïîðöèè äàííûõ â áàçå äàííûõ

ÂÈÄÛ ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÌÈ

39. Âåäåíèå áàçû äàííûõ

Data base maintenance

Äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïî îáíîâëåíèþ, âîññòàíîâëåíèþ è ïåðåñòðîéêå ñòðóêòóðû áàçû äàííûõ ñ öåëüþ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ åå öåëîñòíîñòè, ñîõðàííîñòè è ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

40. Çàùèòà äàííûõ

Data protection

Îðãàíèçàöèîííûå, ïðîãðàììíûå è òåõíè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû è ñðåäñòâà, íàïðàâëåííûå íà óäîâëåòâîðåíèå îãðàíè÷åíèé, óñòàíîâëåííûõ äëÿ òèïîâ äàííûõ èëè ýêçåìïëÿðîâ òèïîâ äàííûõ â ñèñòåìå îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ

41. Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ

Äîñòóï

Access

Ïðåäîñòàâëåíèå ïðîöåññó îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ ïîðöèè äàííûõ èëè ïðèíÿòèå îò íåãî ïîðöèè äàííûõ ïîñðåäñòâîì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè îïåðàöèé ïîèñêà, ÷òåíèÿ è (èëè) çàïèñè äàííûõ

42. Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ

Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé äîñòóï

Sequential access

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ, ïðè êîòîðîì îïåðàöèè ÷òåíèÿ èëè çàïèñü ïîðöèè äàííûõ, ê êîòîðîé îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ äîñòóï, ïðîâîäèòñÿ ïîñëå ÷òåíèÿ èëè çàïèñè âñåõ ïîðöèé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ äî ýòîé ïîðöèè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïîðÿäêîì, ôèêñèðîâàííûì äëÿ îïðåäåëåííîé ñîâîêóïíîñòè ïîðöèé äàííûõ

43. Ïðÿìîé äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ

Ïðÿìîé äîñòóï

Direct access

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ, ïðè êîòîðîì îïåðàöèè ÷òåíèÿ èëè çàïèñè, ê êîòîðîé îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ äîñòóï, íå ñâÿçàíû ñ äîñòóïîì ê äðóãèì ïîðöèÿì äàííûõ â ðàìêàõ ïðèíÿòîé îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ

44. Óäàëåííûé äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ

Óäàëåííûé äîñòóï

Remote access

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ, â îïåðàöèÿõ ÷òåíèÿ èëè çàïèñè êîòîðîé îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåäà÷à äàííûõ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñðåäñòâ òåëåîáðàáîòêè äàííûõ

45. Ïóòü äîñòóïà

Access path

Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ýêçåìïëÿðîâ òèïà äàííûõ â áàçå äàííûõ, ê êîòîðûì íåîáõîäèìî îñóùåñòâëÿòü äîñòóï äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå äîñòóïà ê òðåáóåìîìó ýêçåìïëÿðó ýòîãî òèïà äàííûõ

46. Ñèñòåìà óïðàâëåíèÿ áàçàìè äàííûõ

ÑÓÁÄ

Data base management system

DBMS

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðîãðàìì è ÿçûêîâûõ ñðåäñòâ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ äàííûìè â áàçå äàííûõ, âåäåíèÿ áàçû äàííûõ è îáåñïå÷åíèÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ åå ñ ïðèêëàäíûìè ïðîãðàììàìè

ÂÈÄÛ ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÉ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

47. Ýëåìåíò äàííûõ

Item

Ïîðöèÿ äàííûõ, â êîíòåêñòå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ êîòîðîé îòñóòñòâóåò ñïîñîá âûäåëåíèÿ èç íåå ïîðöèè, îòëè÷íîé îò íåå ñàìîé

48. Êîíñòðóêöèÿ äàííûõ

Ïîðöèÿ äàííûõ, â êîíòåêñòå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ êîòîðîé èìååòñÿ ñïîñîá ðàçëîæåíèÿ åå íà ñèñòåìó ýëåìåíòîâ äàííûõ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Èìååòñÿ â âèäó êîíêðåòíûé ñïîñîá ðàçëîæåíèÿ, îäèí èç ìíîãèõ

49. Ñïèñîê äàííûõ

Data list

Êîíñòðóêöèÿ äàííûõ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùàÿ ñîáîé óïîðÿäî÷åííîå ìíîæåñòâî ýëåìåíòîâ èëè ñîñòàâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé äàííûõ

50. Öåïíîé ñïèñîê äàííûõ

Öåïíîé ñïèñîê

Chained list

Ñïèñîê äàííûõ, â êîòîðîì ïîðÿäîê êîìïîíåíòîâ ñïèñêà çàäàí ïîñðåäñòâîì óêàçàòåëåé, âêëþ÷åííûõ â êîìïîíåíòû ñïèñêà

51. Êîëüöåâîé ñïèñîê äàííûõ

Êîëüöåâîé ñïèñîê

Ring structure

Öåïíîé ñïèñîê äàííûõ, â êîòîðîì êàæäûé êîìïîíåíò èìååò åäèíñòâåííûé ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé è åäèíñòâåííûé ïîñëåäóþùèé êîìïîíåíò òîãî æå ñïèñêà

52. Ìàññèâ äàííûõ

Array

Êîíñòðóêöèÿ äàííûõ, êîìïîíåíòû êîòîðîé èäåíòè÷íû ïî ñâîèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì è ïåðå÷èñëÿþò êàê çíà÷åíèÿ ôóíêöèè îò ôèêñèðîâàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà öåëî÷èñëåííûõ àðãóìåíòîâ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Êîëè÷åñòâî àðãóìåíòîâ îïðåäåëÿåò ðàçìåðíîñòü ìàññèâà

ÂÈÄÛ È ÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÀ ÎÏÈÑÀÍÈß ÒÈÏÎÂ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

53. Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ

Data base scheme

Îïèñàíèå áàçû äàííûõ â êîíòåêñòå êîíêðåòíîé ìîäåëè äàííûõ

54. Âíåøíÿÿ ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ

Âíåøíÿÿ ñõåìà

External scheme

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ, ïîääåðæèâàåìàÿ ñèñòåìîé óïðàâëåíèÿ áàçû äàííûõ äëÿ ïðèëîæåíèé

55. Âíóòðåííÿÿ ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ

Âíóòðåííÿÿ ñõåìà

Internal scheme

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèå äàííûõ â ñðåäå õðàíåíèÿ è ïóòè äîñòóïà ê íèì

56. Êîíöåïòóàëüíàÿ ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ

Êîíöåïòóàëüíàÿ ñõåìà

Conceptual scheme

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèå áàçû äàííûõ, åäèíîå äëÿ âñåõ åå ïðèëîæåíèé è íå çàâèñÿùåå îò èñïîëüçóåìîãî â ñèñòåìå óïðàâëåíèÿ ýòîé áàçîé äàííûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ äàííûõ â ñðåäå õðàíåíèÿ è ïóòåé äîñòóïà ê íèì

57. ßçûê îïèñàíèÿ äàííûõ

ßÎÄ

Data definition language

DDL

ßçûê, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ñõåì áåç äàííûõ

58. Ìîäåëü äàííûõ

Data model

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðàâèë ïîðîæäåíèÿ ñòðóêòóð äàííûõ â áàçå äàííûõ, îïåðàöèé íàä íèìè, à òàêæå îãðàíè÷åíèé öåëîñòíîñòè, îïðåäåëÿþùèõ äîïóñòèìûå ñâÿçè è çíà÷åíèÿ äàííûõ, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü èõ èçìåíåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Äëÿ çàäàíèÿ ìîäåëè äàííûõ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ÿçûê îïèñàíèÿ äàííûõ è ÿçûê ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ äàííûìè

59. Èåðàðõè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü äàííûõ

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ äàííûõ èåðàðõè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû è ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ èìè

60. Ñåòåâàÿ ìîäåëü äàííûõ

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííàÿ äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ äàííûõ ñåòåâîé ñòðóêòóðû è ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ èìè

61. Ðåëÿöèîííàÿ ìîäåëü äàííûõ

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ïðåäñòàâëåíèè äàííûõ â âèäå íàáîðà îòíîøåíèé, êàæäîå èç êîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïîäìíîæåñòâî äåêàðòîâà ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ îïðåäåëåííûõ ìíîæåñòâ, è ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèè èìè ñ ïîìîùüþ ìíîæåñòâà îïåðàöèé ðåëÿöèîííîé àëãåáðû èëè ðåëÿöèîííîãî èñ÷èñëåíèÿ

(Èçìåíåííàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ, Èçì. ¹ 1).

ÀËÔÀÂÈÒÍÛÉ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜ ÒÅÐÌÈÍΠÍÀ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ

Áàçà äàííûõ                                                                                                                              6

Áàçà äàííûõ èåðàðõè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                               13

Áàçà äàííûõ ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ                                                                                             15

Áàçà äàííûõ ðåëÿöèîííàÿ                                                                                                  14

Áàçà äàííûõ ñåòåâàÿ                                                                                                             12

ÁÄ                                                                                                                                               6

Áëîê                                                                                                                                           11

Áëîê äàííûõ                                                                                                                           11

Âåäåíèå áàçû äàííûõ                                                                                                           39

Äîñòóï                                                                                                                                      41

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ                                                                                                     41

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé                                                                 42

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ ïðÿìîé                                                                                      43

Äîñòóï ê ïîðöèè äàííûõ óäàëåííûé                                                                               44

Äîñòóï ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé                                                                                                      42

Äîñòóï ïðÿìîé                                                                                                                         43

Äîñòóï óäàëåííûé                                                                                                                   44

Çàïèñü                                                                                                                                         9

Çàïèñü ëîãè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                                                  9

Çàïèñü íåîïðåäåëåííîé äëèíû                                                                                          23

Çàïèñü ïåðåìåííîé äëèíû                                                                                                 22

Çàïèñü ôèçè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                                               10

Çàïèñü ôèêñèðîâàííîé äëèíû                                                                                           21

Çàùèòà äàííûõ                                                                                                                      40

Èìÿ íàáîðà äàííûõ                                                                                                              28

Èíäåêñ                                                                                                                                      26

Èíäåêñ âòîðè÷íûé                                                                                                                31

Èíäåêñ äîñòóïà                                                                                                                      26

Èíäåêñ ïåðâè÷íûé                                                                                                               30

Èíäåêñ ïëîòíûé                                                                                                                    32

Èíäåêñ ðàçðåæåííûé                                                                                                           33

Êàòàëîã íàáîðîâ äàííûõ                                                                                                     27

Êëþ÷                                                                                                                                         34

Êëþ÷ âòîðè÷íûé                                                                                                                   37

Êëþ÷ ïåðâè÷íûé                                                                                                                  36

Êëþ÷ ïîèñêà                                                                                                                          35

Êëþ÷ ïîðöèè äàííûõ                                                                                                           34

Êëþ÷ ïîèñêà ñöåïëåííûé                                                                                                  38

Êîíñòðóêöèÿ äàííûõ                                                                                                           48

Ìàññèâ äàííûõ                                                                                                                      52

Ìåòêà íàáîðà äàííûõ                                                                                                           29

Ìåòîä äîñòóïà                                                                                                                        25

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ                                                                                                                      58

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ èåðàðõè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                          59

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ ðåëÿöèîííàÿ                                                                                             61

Ìîäåëü äàííûõ ñåòåâàÿ                                                                                                       60

Íàáîð äàííûõ                                                                                                                           8

Íàáîð äàííûõ èíäåêñíî-ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé                                                                  19

Íàáîð äàííûõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé                                                                                     18

Íàáîð äàííûõ ïðÿìîé                                                                                                          20

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ                                                                                                             1

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ ëîãè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                       4

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ äàííûõ ôèçè÷åñêàÿ                                                                                       5

Ïðåäñòàâëåíèå äàííûõ                                                                                                          3

Ïóòü äîñòóïà                                                                                                                           45

Ñèñòåìà óïðàâëåíèÿ áàçàìè äàííûõ                                                                                46

Ñïèñîê äàííûõ                                                                                                                      49

Ñïèñîê äàííûõ êîëüöåâîé                                                                                                 51

Ñïèñîê äàííûõ öåïíîé                                                                                                       50

Ñïèñîê êîëüöåâîé                                                                                                                   51

Ñïèñîê öåïíîé                                                                                                                        50

ÑÓÁÄ                                                                                                                                        46

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ                                                                                                              53

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ âíåøíÿÿ                                                                                             54

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ âíóòðåííÿÿ                                                                                        55

Ñõåìà áàçû äàííûõ êîíöåïòóàëüíàÿ                                                                               56

Ñõåìà âíåøíÿÿ                                                                                                                         54

Ñõåìà âíóòðåííÿÿ                                                                                                                    55

Ñõåìà êîíöåïòóàëüíàÿ                                                                                                            56

Óïðàâëåíèå äàííûìè                                                                                                            2

Ôàéë                                                                                                                                           7

Ôàéë èíäåêñíî-ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé                                                                                  17

Ôàéë ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé                                                                                                     16

Ýëåìåíò äàííûõ                                                                                                                    47

ßçûê ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ äàííûìè                                                                                    24

ßçûê îïèñàíèÿ äàííûõ                                                                                                       57

ßÎÄ                                                                                                                                           57

ÀËÔÀÂÈÒÍÛÉ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜ ÒÅÐÌÈÍΠÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ

Access                                                                                                                                       41

Access method                                                                                                                           25

Access path                                                                                                                                45

Array                                                                                                                                          52

Catalog                                                                                                                                       27

Chained list                                                                                                                                50

Concatenated key                                                                                                                       38

Conceptual scheme                                                                                                                    56

Data base                                                                                                                                     6

Data base scheme                                                                                                                       53

Data base maintenance                                                                                                               39

Data base management system                                                                                                   46

Data block                                                                                                                                  11

Data definition language                                                                                                            57

Data list                                                                                                                                     49

Data management                                                                                                                         2

Data model                                                                                                                                 58

Data organization                                                                                                                         1

Data protection                                                                                                                          40

Data representation                                                                                                                      3

Data set                                                                                                                                        8

Data set catalog                                                                                                                          27

Data set label                                                                                                                             29

Data set name                                                                                                                             28

DBMS                                                                                                                                        28

DDL                                                                                                                                           57

Dense index                                                                                                                               32

Direct access                                                                                                                             43

Direct data set                                                                                                                            20

Distributed data base                                                                                                                 15

DML                                                                                                                                          24

External scheme                                                                                                                         54

File                                                                                                                                              7

Fixed-length record                                                                                                                    21

Hierarchical data base                                                                                                               13

Index                                                                                                                                          26

Indexed-sequential data set                                                                                                        19

Indexed-sequential file                                                                                                               17

Internal scheme                                                                                                                          55

Item                                                                                                                                            47

Key                                                                                                                                            34

Logical data organization                                                                                                             4

Logical record                                                                                                                             9

Network data base                                                                                                                     12

Physical data organization                                                                                                           5

Physical record                                                                                                                          10

Primary index                                                                                                                             30

Primary key                                                                                                                                36

Relational data base                                                                                                                   14

Remote access                                                                                                                           44

Ring structure                                                                                                                             51

Search key                                                                                                                                  35

Secondary index                                                                                                                         31

Secondary key                                                                                                                            37

Sequential access                                                                                                                       42

Sequential data set                                                                                                                     18

Sequential file                                                                                                                            16

Sparse index                                                                                                                              33

Undefined-length record                                                                                                            23

Variable-length record                                                                                                               22

ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ

Ñïðàâî÷íîå

ÒÅÐÌÈÍÛ È ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß ÎÁÙÈÕ ÏÎÍßÒÈÉ, ÏÐÈÌÅÍßÅÌÛÅ Â ÎÁËÀÑÒÈ ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Â ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

Òåðìèí

Îïðåäåëåíèå

1. Ñîñòîÿíèå áàçû äàííûõ

Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïîðöèé äàííûõ, õðàíèìûõ â áàçå äàííûõ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò âðåìåíè

2. Öåëîñòíîñòü áàçû äàííûõ

Ñâîéñòâî áàçû äàííûõ, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ áàçîé äàííûõ çàùèùàòü êîìïîíåíòû è ñâÿçè áàçû äàííûõ îò èñêàæåíèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå íåêîððåêòíûõ îïåðàöèé è ñáîåâ òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñðåäñòâ

3. Ïîèñê

Ïåðåáîð îïðåäåëåííîé ñîâîêóïíîñòè îáúåêòîâ, ïðè êîòîðîì ïðîâîäèòñÿ àíàëèç êàæäîãî îáúåêòà äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå áóäåò èñ÷åðïàíà ñîâîêóïíîñòü îáúåêòîâ èëè àíàëèç íå ïîêàæåò, ÷òî îáúåêò óäîâëåòâîðÿåò îïðåäåëåííûì êðèòåðèÿì.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ðåçóëüòàòîì ïîèñêà ìîãóò áûòü ñâåäåíèÿ î íàëè÷èè èëè îòñóòñòâèè îáúåêòà â ñîâîêóïíîñòè, â êîòîðîé ïðîèçâåäåí ïîèñê, ñàì èñêîìûé îáúåêò èëè ñâåäåíèÿ î åãî ðàñïîëîæåíèè, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå ïîñëåäóþùèå ìàíèïóëÿöèè ñ îáúåêòîì, íàïðèìåð ÷òåíèå äàííûõ ïî àäðåñó

4. Ñåòåâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà

Ñåòü

Ìíîæåñòâî, ÷àñòè÷íî óïîðÿäî÷åííîå òàê, ÷òî ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ìíîæåñòâà ñóùåñòâóåò áîëåå îäíîãî ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî

5. Èåðàðõè÷åñêàÿ ñòðóêòóðà

Ìíîæåñòâî, ÷àñòè÷íî óïîðÿäî÷åííîå òàê, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóåò ðîâíî îäèí ýëåìåíò ýòîãî ìíîæåñòâà, íå èìåþùèé ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî, à âñå îñòàëüíûå ýëåìåíòû èìåþò ðîâíî îäèí ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé

6. (Èñêëþ÷åí, Èçì. ¹ 2).

 

7. Ñðåäà õðàíåíèÿ

Ïàìÿòü äàííûõ, íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ âíå õðàíåíèÿ ïðîãðàììû è äîñòóïíàÿ åé ïîñðåäñòâîì ñïåöèàëüíûõ îïåðàöèé

8. Òîì äàííûõ

Èäåíòèôèöèðîâàííîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî âíåøíåé ïàìÿòè.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Òîì äàííûõ îáû÷íî ñâÿçàí ñ îïðåäåëåííûì íîñèòåëåì äàííûõ, òàêèì, êàê ïàêåò ìàãíèòíûõ äèñêîâ

ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÅ

1. ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒ×ÈÊÈ

À.Ô. Êîíäðàøåâ; Ë.Ä. Ðàéêîâ, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê (ðóêîâîäèòåëü òåìû); À.Ï. Ãàãàðèí, êàíä. òåõí. íàóê; Ò.Ì. Òåð-Ìèêàýëÿí, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê; Á.Â. Ñîêîëîâ; À.À. Ìêðòóìÿí

2. ÓÒÂÅÐÆÄÅÍ È ÂÂÅÄÅÍ Â ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî êîìèòåòà ÑÑÑÐ ïî ñòàíäàðòàì îò 31.01.85 ¹ 240

3. ÂÇÀÌÅÍ ÃÎÑÒ 20886-75

4. ÑÑÛËÎ×ÍÛÅ ÍÎÐÌÀÒÈÂÍÎ-ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÄÎÊÓÌÅÍÒÛ

Îáîçíà÷åíèå ÍÒÄ, íà êîòîðûé äàíà ññûëêà

Íîìåð ïóíêòà

ÃÎÑÒ 15971-90

Ââîäíàÿ ÷àñòü

ÃÎÑÒ 19781-90

Ââîäíàÿ ÷àñòü

5. ÈÇÄÀÍÈÅ (àïðåëü 2000 ã.) ñ Èçìåíåíèÿìè ¹ 1, 2, óòâåðæäåííûìè â èþíå 1988 ã., îêòÿáðå 1990 ã. (ÈÓÑ 10-88, 1-91)

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ. 1

Âèäû îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ. 2

Îáúåêòû óïðàâëåíèÿ äàííûìè. 2

Âèäû ôàéëîâ è íàáîðîâ äàííûõ. 2

Âèäû ëîãè÷åñêèõ çàïèñåé. 3

Ñðåäñòâà óïðàâëåíèÿ äàííûìè. 3

Âèäû óïðàâëåíèÿ äàííûìè. 4

Âèäû êîíñòðóêöèé äàííûõ. 4

Âèäû è ñðåäñòâà îïèñàíèÿ òèïîâ äàííûõ. 4

Àëôàâèòíûé óêàçàòåëü òåðìèíîâ íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. 5

Àëôàâèòíûé óêàçàòåëü òåðìèíîâ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. 7

Ïðèëîæåíèå. Òåðìèíû è îïðåäåëåíèÿ îáùèõ ïîíÿòèé, ïðèìåíÿåìûå â îáëàñòè îðãàíèçàöèè äàííûõ â ñèñòåìàõ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ. 8

 



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